D.Pharm Sessional Model Answer Sheet

Subject: Pharmacognosy

Que. No. 1 (Solve Any Three)

1.Define Drug Adulteration. Give the methods & Describe any four methods of adulteration.

Ans: Definition: Drug adulteration is the intentional addition or substitution of an inferior, ineffective, or harmful substance to a genuine drug, compromising its quality, safety, and efficacy.

Methods:

Inferiority.

Spoilage

Deterioration

Substitution

Admixture

Sophistication

Falsification

Substitution: Replacing a genuine drug with a cheaper or ineffective substitute that resembles the original in appearance.

Admixture: Adding inert or foreign materials to the genuine drug, diluting its potency.

Sophistication: Adding artificial substances to enhance the appearance or mask the inferiority of the drug.

Falsification: Manufacturing and selling a completely fake product labelled as a genuine drug.

2. Define Glycoside. Explain the in detail identification test for the various glycosides.

Ans: Definition: A glycoside is a naturally occurring organic compound consisting of a sugar molecule (glycone) linked to a non-sugar molecule (aglycone). The aglycone is the active component responsible for the drug's therapeutic effect.

Identification Tests:

Molisch's Test: Detects the presence of carbohydrates by forming a purple color upon reacting with α-naphthol in concentrated sulfuric acid.

Barfoed's Test: Differentiates between monosaccharides and disaccharides by forming a red precipitate with cupric acetate in alkaline solution.

Fehling's Test: Detects reducing sugars by forming a brick-red precipitate of copper oxide.

Benedict's Test: Similar to Fehling's test, but more stable and sensitive.

Specific color tests: Some glycosides have specific color reactions with specific reagents, such as Liebermann-Burchard test for digitoxin.

3. Define & classify Crude Drugs. Explain in detail Taxonomical & Chemical Classification.

Ans: Definition: Natural plant or animal materials used in traditional medicine or as starting materials for pharmaceutical preparations.

Classification:

Taxonomical Classification: Based on the plant or animal source:

Kingdom: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi

Phylum: Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Chemical Classification: Based on the major chemical constituents:

Alkaloids: Morphine, Quinine

Glycosides: Digitalis, Senna

Tannins: Clove, Tea

Volatile oils: Peppermint, Eucalyptus

4. Define Alkaloids. Explain method of extraction& various chemical test used for the identification of Alkaloids.

Ans: Definition: An alkaloid is a naturally occurring, organic substance, that contains nitrogen and typically a ring structure.

Extraction:

Acid-base extraction: Alkaloids are basic and can be extracted with acidic solvents followed by neutralization and re-extraction with organic solvents.

Liquid-liquid extraction: Partitioning between immiscible solvents based on the different solubilities of alkaloids.

Chromatographic techniques: Separation of different alkaloids based on their specific interactions with stationary phases.

Identification Tests:

Mayer's Test: White precipitate formed with Mayer's reagent (potassium mercuric iodide) for many alkaloids.

Dragendorff's Test: Orange precipitate formed with Dragendorff's reagent (potassium bismuth iodide) for many alkaloids.

Wagner's Test: Brown precipitate formed with Wagner's reagent (iodine in potassium iodide solution) for specific alkaloids.

Specific color reactions: Some alkaloids have specific color reactions with specific reagents, such as Marquis test for morphine.

Spectroscopic techniques: UV-Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for definitive identification.

Que. No.2(Solve Any 5)

1) Define Pharmacognosy. Write the contribution of Dioscoride, Seydler, Hippocrates.

Ans: Pharmacognosy is the study of natural drugs obtained from plants, animals, fungi, and other natural sources. It involves understanding their physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties, along with their history, cultivation, collection, extraction, isolation, bio-assaying, quality control, and preparation.

-

Dioscorides (1st century AD): A Greek physician and botanist, considered the "father of pharmacognosy". He wrote "De Materia Medica", a five-volume encyclopedia documenting medicinal plants and their uses.

Christoph Seydler (1811): A German pharmacist who coined the term "pharmacognosy" in his book "Analecta Pharmacognostica".

Hippocrates (460-370 BC): The "father of medicine" who used many plant-based remedies and emphasized careful observation in diagnosis and treatment.

2) Give the biological source of following drugs (any 3)

Ans: Biological Sources of Drugs:

Fennel: Seeds of the Foeniculum vulgare plant.

Coriander: Seeds of the Coriandrum sativum plant.

Nutmeg: Seed of the Myristica fragrans tree.

Asafoetida: Resin gum from the Ferula.

3. . Define carminatives. Give the synonym& chemical constituent of following (any 3)

Ans: Carminatives are herbs or spices that help expel gas and relieve bloating and abdominal discomfort.

Cinnamon:

Synonym: Ceylon cinnamon

Chemical constituent: Cinnamaldehyde

Cardamom:

Synonym: Green cardamom, black cardamom

Chemical constituent: Cineole, limonene

Ginger:

Synonym: Rhizoma zingiberis

Chemical constituent: Gingerols, shogaols

Ginger

Nutmeg:

Synonym: Myristica

Chemical constituent: 5% Volatile Oil, Lignin, Stearin, Starch, ).0.08% of an Acid substances

4. Differentiate between organized & unorganized crude drugs.

Ans: Organized vs. Unorganized Crude Drugs:

Organized crude drugs:

Unorganized crude drugs

Have a definite anatomical structure, like leaves, roots, flowers, etc.

Macroscopic and microscopic features

Plant parts

Eg: cinnamon bark, fennel seeds, cardamom pods.

Lack a definite structure and are often amorphous or semi-solid, like gums, resins, balsams, etc.

Chemical tests and analysis

Plant or animal secretions, exudates, extracts

Eg: asafoetida, opium, myrrh.

5. Define Drug evaluation. Explain two methods of drug evaluation.

Ans: Drug Evaluation:

Drug evaluation in pharmacognosy, the study of natural drugs from plants, animals, and other sources, plays a crucial role in ensuring their safety, efficacy, and quality before reaching consumers.

Methods:

Organoleptic Evaluation: This initial step involves assessing the drug's sensory characteristics like color, odor, taste, and texture. Changes from expected norms can indicate adulteration, spoilage, or improper storage.

Microscopical Evaluation: Examining the drug under a microscope reveals its cellular structure, the presence of contaminants like foreign plant parts or insect fragments, and specific diagnostic features helpful in identification.

6. Define GI Regulator. Give the uses of following

a) Clove

b) black pepper

c) fennel

Ans: GI Regulators and their Uses:

GI regulators are substances that help regulate and normalize digestive function.

Clove:

Uses: Relieves nausea, vomiting, and indigestion; antimicrobial properties.

Black pepper:

Uses: Improves digestion, stimulates gastric juices, relieves bloating and flatulence.

Fennel: carminative properties, helping to relieve bloating, gas, and indigestion.

Que. No.3 Multiple Choice Questions (Each questions Carry 1M)

1. Who developed Galenical pharmacy

a. Aristottle

b. Seydler

c. Galen

d. Hippocrates

2. Which of the following is not organized drug

a. Leaf of senna

b. Bark of cinnamon

c. Seed of coriander

d. Juice of aloe

3. Jaiphal is the synonym of

a. Asafoetida

b. Clove

c. ginger

d. Nutmeg

4. Hagers reagents gives which colour-----------------

a.Yellow precipitation

b. White precipitation

c. Green precipitation

d. Blue precipitation

5. Pungent principle of ginger is due to---

a. Shagol

b. borneol

c.gingerol

d. All of the above

6.Who found the Method of Extraction...

a. Seydler

b. Hippocrates

c. Galen

d. Charak

7. Borntragers test for identification of

a. Alkaloids

b. Tannins

c. Resins

d. Glycosides

8. Taxonomical classification is classified according to……..

a. origin

b. structure

c. nature

d. all of these

9. what are the reasons of adulteration ---

a. costly drug

b. Shortly supplied

c. cultivation

d. All of these

10. Microscopicevalution is carried out by-----.

a. Powdering drug

b. T.s+ reagent

c. Cutting thin Section

d. All of these

Download PDF